劳动市场与AD-AS模型

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1、第三讲劳动市场与AD-AS模型短期分析凯恩斯定理总需求视角没有涉及价格的变动IS-LM模型的局限对总需求增加的中期反应HigherproductionrequiresanincreaseinemploymentHigheremploymentreducesunemploymentLowerunemploymentputspressureonwagesHigherwagesincreaseproductioncostsandthereforepricesHigherpricesleadworkerstoaskforhigherwages….Pricesandwages(th

2、elabormarket)adjustoverthemediumrunandinfluenceoutput§1.劳动市场基本概念第一章劳动市场失业国际劳工组织的定义凡在一定年龄范围内愿意工作且有能力工作而没有工作，并正在寻找工作的人都是失业者。美国劳工统计局定义眼下没有工作，正在等待重新被雇佣或者在最近4周里主动地寻找工作的人。美国劳工统计局按月随机抽样来收集，每月大约6万个家庭被访问，询问他们最近的工作情况，调查将16岁以上的成年人分成三类：（1）就业者（2）失业者（3）不计入劳动力的所有人：成年人中上学的人、军人、退休在家的、生病不能工作的、干脆不想找工作的。4Cur

3、rentPopulationSurveyEverymonth,theU.S.CensusBureausurveys50,000householdstoestablishthesex,age,andjobmarketstatusofeachmemberofthehousehold.Working-agepopulation（CivilianNon-institutionalPop.）Totalnumberofpeopleaged16yearsandoverwhoarenotinajail,hospital,orsomeotherformofinstitutionalcare

4、.Theworking-agepopulationisdividedintothoseinthelaborforceandthosenotinthelaborforce.LaborforceThenumberofpeopleemployedplusthenumberunemployed.5失业率：Thepercentageofpeopleinthelaborforcewhoareunemployed.两个主要指标参与率：6ATouroftheLaborMarketU.S.Population1998270.2millionMinus:Pop.under16,-65.0mi

5、llionArmedforcesandIncarceratedCivilianNoninstitutionalPop.205.2millionCivilianLaborForce137.6millionEmployed131.4millionUnemployed6.2millionOutoftheLaborForce67.6million7Theparticipationrate=Theunemploymentrate=8MovementsinUnemploymentSmallupwardtrendintheunemploymentrateObservation:1950

6、s4.51960s4.71970s6.21980s7.31990s5.9910Cyclicalunemployment：Thefluctuatingunemploymentoverthebusinesscyclethatincreasesduringarecessionanddecreasesduringanexpansion.Frictionalunemployment：Theunemploymentthatarisesfromnormallaborturnover—frompeopleenteringandleavingthelaborforceandfromtheo

7、ngoingcreationanddestructionofjobs.Structuralunemploymentistheportionofunemploymentthatisduetochangesinthestructureoftheeconomythatresultinasignificantlossofjobsincertainindustries.Itariseswhenchangesintechnologyorinternationalcompetitionchangetheskillsneededtoperfo